When the information needed to create a reference is missing or unknown, you will have to adapt the reference. This is how it is done:
| Missing element |
What to do? | Template | |
| Reference | In-text citation | ||
| Nothing – all elements are present |
--- | Author. (year). Title. Source. | (Author, year) |
| Author | Put the title on the author position. | Title. (year). Source. | (Title, year) |
| Date | Use “n.d.” (for "no date"). | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. | (Author, n.d.) |
| Title | Provide a description of the work in square brackets. | Author. (year). [Description of the work]. Source. | (Author, year) |
| Author and date | Put the title on the author position and use “n.d.” (for "no date"). | Title. (n.d.). Source. | (Title, n.d.) |
| Author and title | Put a description of the work in square brackets on the author position. | [Description of the work]. (year). Source. | ([Description of the work], year) |
| Date and title | Use “n.d.” (for "no date") and provide a description of the work in square brackets. | Author. (n.d.). [Description of the work]. Source. | (Author, n.d.) |
| Author, date, and title | Put a description of the work in square brackets on the author position and use “n.d.” (for "no date"). | [Description of the work]. (n.d.). Bron. | ([Description of the work], n.d.) |
| Source | Cite as a personal communication or find another work to cite. | No reference in the reference list. | (Initial. Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month day, year) |
Please note In the reference list, references have a hanging indent of 0.5 inch.