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Citing sources according to APA guidelines
3.2 Abbreviations
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Citing sources according to APA guidelines
APA Style @ TiU
Introduction
1. In-text citations
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1.1 Works with one, two, or three+ authors
1.2 Multiple works
1.3 Works with an organization as the author
1.4 Works with an unknown or anonymous author
1.5 Works with an unknown publication year
1.6 Specific parts of a work: e.g., a page, slide, figure, (audio)visual work
1.7 Personal communications
1.8 Works cited in parenthetical text
1.9 General mentions of websites or periodicals
1.10 Secondary sources (works cited in another work)
1.11 Software and mobile apps
1.12 ChatGPT and other AI tools
2. Direct quotations: Text ǀ Figure ǀ Table
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2.1 Short and long direct quotations
2.2 Allowed changes to direct quotations
2.3 Textual works without page numbers (e.g., webpages)
2.4 (Audio)visual works
2.5 Reproducing figures or tables from another source: Copyright
2.6 Reproducing a figure from another source Templates & Examples
2.7 Reproducing a table from another source Templates & Examples
3. Reference list: Formatting of the reference list ǀ Abbreviations ǀ Order of references ǀ DOI ǀ Reference elements (author, date, title, source) ǀ Retrieval dates ǀ Missing reference information
3.1 Formatting of the reference list
3.2 Abbreviations
3.3 Order of reference list entries
3.4 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
3.5 Reference elements: Author, Date, Title, Source
3.6 Retrieval dates in references to online sources
3.7 Missing reference information: What to do?
4. Reference examples by source type
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4.1 Periodical works: Journal article ǀ Article from UpToDate, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ǀ Magazine article ǀ Newspaper article ǀ Blogpost, Comment on a blogpost
4.2 Books or e-books: Authored book ǀ Edited book ǀ Chapter in edited book ǀ Multivolume works ǀ Volume in a multivolume work ǀ Chapter in a volume of a multivolume work ǀ Ebook & Audiobook with non-database URL ǀ DSM
4.3 Reference works: Entry in a dictionary ǀ Entry in an encyclopedia ǀ Wikipedia article
4.4 Grey literature: Report ǀ Annual report ǀ Preprint ǀ Working paper ǀ Discussion paper ǀ White paper ǀ Fact sheet ǀ Press release
4.5 Contributions to conferences, congresses, meetings, symposia
4.6 Theses ǀ Dissertations
4.7 Data sets ǀ Software, Mobile apps ǀ Tests, Scales, Inventories
4.8 Audiovisual works: TED Talk ǀ Webinar ǀ YouTube video ǀ Podcast as a whole, Podcast episode
4.9 Visual works: Artwork in a museum or on a museum website ǀ Clip art, Stock image ǀ PowerPoint slides ǀ Infographic
4.10 Social media: Twitter / X ǀ Instagram ǀ TikTok ǀ Facebook ǀ Online forum (e.g., Reddit)
4.11 Webpages
4.12 ChatGTP and other AI tools
5. Formatting an APA Style student paper
3.2 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in the reference list:
ed.
edition
Rev. ed.
Revised edition
2nd ed.
second edition
Ed./Eds.
Editor/Editors
n.d.
no date
p./pp.
page/pages
Vol./Vols.
Volume (as in: Vol. 4/Vols. 1
–4)
No.
Number
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3.1 Formatting of the reference list
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